Pillar 1: Livable Housing

Pillar 1: Livable Housing – Expand enticing housing options for all.

Housing has been identified as a critical challenge in Keene for many years and is now a major impediment to economic growth and resident attraction.

The issue is a combination of the lack of available residential units, and a mismatch between the type of units people want versus the units available. Housing availability and affordability is a national issue, driven by low rates of new housing development, growing populations in urban and regional centers, and the increasing number of smaller households. There is persistent market failure in providing new housing options that suit various age groups and personal needs. Cities across the United States are now mobilizing new resources and innovative approaches to solve this challenge. Keene has an opportunity to leverage successful models elsewhere and use its collaborative approach to take some bold actions to address current and future housing needs.

Below is what we know so far from the community visioning phase of the comprehensive master planning process).

History

  • Neighborhood Parking Report – In the winter/spring of 2023 and 2024, the City used grant funding to explore sustainable parking and transportation options that will enable continued residential development in neighborhoods near downtown. The goal is to improve parking and sustainable transportation (i.e. biking, walking, public transit) for the community while facilitating needed housing development.
  • Over the past ~5 years, the City has been examining zoning districts and proposing amendments to proactively address the housing shortage. This effort began with the adoption of the Land Development Code in 2021. The most recent change was the adoption of the Cottage Court ordinance, which encourages “missing middle” housing types in residential districts. https://keenenh.gov/housing
  • The City and its partners have successfully leveraged federal funding sources such as the Community Development Block Grant program (CDBG) to create permanently affordable housing owned by nonprofit entities. For example, from 1975 through 2016, a variety of federal funding programs were used to greatly increase the amount of affordable and subsidized housing for elderly and disabled persons and families in the downtown area. These include: the Cleveland Building, Central Square Terrace, Eastside Housing, Bennett Block, the Chamberlain Block, Railroad Square Senior Housing, and CitySide Family Housing.
  • Are we missing anything? Let us know in the comments below!

Related Macro Trends

  • Prefabricated home modules and tiny homes are growing in popularity across the United States and Canada. Many are being used as accessory dwelling units (ADUs), but their affordability is attractive to many younger prospective home buyers for whom larger homes are out of reach.
  • Many communities are wrestling with housing availability and affordability, and are seeking innovative solutions to balance density, open space, and housing types. Of particular importance to many communities, is what is termed the ‘missing middle’ housing, which provides housing on smaller more affordable lots. Another example is the concept of ‘gentle density,’ where higher density developments are designed to create some sense of space. Another example is the concept of urban growth boundaries, such as applied in Portland, Oregon.
  • Housing is not just about quantity, it is also about quality. This means livable housing that offers the amenities and functionality people are seeking. It also means housing that is environmentally sustainable and able to offer energy efficiency and adaptability in a changing climatic world.

What is Currently Happening in Keene:

  • Local Changes to Zoning and Land Use Regulations
  • Investment in infrastructure to support housing development (e.g., Downtown Infrastructure Project)
  • Southwest Region Planning Commission ADU Design Challenge
  • Monadnock Economic Development Corporation’s Housing Development Fund
  • Monadnock Resource Alliance
  • Downtown Project  |  City of Keene: Keene’s downtown is a major source of housing for city residents. The Downtown Infrastructure Project will upgrade critical utilities that are vital for both existing and potential future housing development.
  • Are we missing anything? Let us know in the comments below!

What the Community Survey Results Show:

  • Under the Economic and Built Environment topics in the Community Survey, 76% of respondents identified both expanding the supply of affordable housing and offering different types of housing as important to shaping the future of Keene.
  • The rise in multi-use developments in communities nationwide is becoming an increasingly popular economic development tool in providing more affordable housing options. 64% of survey respondents identified exploring multi-use developments as important to shaping the future of Keene.
  • Under Community and Social Fabric topics in the Community Survey, 69% of respondents identified accommodating aging-in-place as important to shaping the future of Keene.
  • Building new livable housing is important to addressing the housing shortage in Keene. Under the Environmental and Landscape topics in the Community Survey, 70% of survey respondents identified focusing on environmental sustainability and 56% identified adopting green building standards as important to shaping the future of Keene.

What the Community Snapshot Highlights:

  • Keene’s overall population size remains relatively unchanged over the past 30 years. The city’s population has stagnated while the overall state population increased by 5% during this same period.
  • Although Keene still has a high share of residents between 19 and 24, the overall population is aging. The median age of residents increased from 32 to 36 between 2010 and 2022. This is likely attributable to the decline in enrollment at Keene State College; the college student population dropped from 5,738 to 2,863 students over this time period. At the same time, the number of residents between 65 and 74 and over 85 doubled. Similarly, nowadays, fewer children are living in Keene.
  • Most Keene residents own their homes, but Keene has a higher share of renters than the county and state. 43% of Keene’s housing units are occupied by renters, higher than the 25% share in Cheshire County and 24% across New Hampshire.
  • The community and stakeholders expressed housing affordability as a critical need in Keene.

Consultant's Insights and Potential Trade-Offs

  • Affordable and livable housing is a bedrock element required for a healthy economy and thriving community. It touches every aspect of a person’s quality of life including health, safety, and economic mobility.
  • Housing costs have risen sharply in the past decade in Keene with home prices surging and a tight rental market driving up rents. Much of this is driven by a combination of extremely low inventory and rising development costs.
  • There is a lack of developable land in Keene. Therefore, embracing gentle density and missing middle housing within existing neighborhoods will be critical for increasing housing inventory. Keene should review its zoning code and development regulations to identify barriers to missing middle and ADU development. Buffalo, NY is a great example of a municipality revising their code to promote infill development. The new Green Code is a form-based code that focuses more on the urban design elements of a project (height, size, building orientation, ground floor transparency, and scale) more than land use (residential, commercial, office, industrial). Much of the city is zoned under a Neighborhood zoning district that allows for a mix of uses.
  • There is a current mismatch in price between the demand and inventory of the current housing stock. Cities have been experimenting on ways to reduce development costs of building infill projects. One example is South Bend, IN where the city developed a catalog of pre-approved residential architecture and contingent construction drawings, based off the Sears Catalog that offered prefabricated homes in the first half of the twentieth century. This strategy creates cost and time savings for new housing development. Several cities have done similar catalogs for ADUs including Raleigh, San Jose, San Diego, and Seattle.
  • Keene has a large amount of older housing that is starting to show its age. Over 35% of the City’s housing inventory was built before 1940. Therefore, the preservation of the existing affordable housing stock is important. A housing rehabilitation and restoration program would help the city maintain its existing stock of affordable housing and prevent units from falling into disrepair. These kinds of programs can be funded through grants from HUD, as well as state and regional sources. Another strategy is to legalize existing housing that was not built with a permit or up to code. San Jose created an ADU amnesty program to help unregulated and illegal housing units obtain the proper permits and get the building up to code as opposed to condemning and demolishing them.
  • Open space preservation, ecological protection, and increase the amount of new housing.
  • Maintaining existing housing stock vs. investing in new housing stock.
  • The need for emergency and transitional housing and local residents’ perceptions of desired neighborhood character, public safety and property values.
  • Expanding housing availability will help Keene build its talented workforce and attract new residents. Working on expanding the available types of housing stock will also help existing residents by providing more choice and helping people to have the right kind of housing for their life stage.
  • Keene has an opportunity to bring together key partners in a collaborative approach, to seek and implement bold solutions. This will require a willingness to explore new areas for housing development, increase density in some areas, and build a regional approach with surrounding communities.

Keene is a community that is attractive to many people. Knowing that there are a range of views on this topic, we are keen to hear your comments about the future trajectory of the city.

What do you think would be the ideal livable housing that could create the best overall outcomes for Keene?

We would love to hear your thoughts!

8 Comments

For me, “livable housing” means being able to afford to live in a house that has room for my growing family and is part of a neighborhood community.

The third bullet above says “There is a lack of developable land in Keene.” I hope this perception can be corrected. Just in Keene downtown, there is a huge amount of land on Gilbo, Kingsbury site, and lots of infill throughout neighborhoods. There is also land in the commercial areas along West Street that can be used for housing. This perception makes its way to developers who then just don’t spend time looking here. The city needs to create a map that shows all of the possible places to build. And, based on today’s zoning, the city can calculate the number of units possible here. This should be shared with the larger development community.

The fourth bullet talks about pre-approved designs. This is an excellent idea and can work for individual houses, ADUs as well as large apartment blocks.

We have a focus on “livable housing”. This is clearly needed. We need housing at every price point.

Rather than tight infill housing, I would prefer looking at second and third stories added to existing strip malls, the open fields behind Target, along route 101 between Winchester and Main streets, along route 12 north of Maple Ave and even the previously considered field at the Court Street roundabout near the 711 store. I acknowledge that several of these parcels would be more expensive due to new utilities than neighborhood infill. Crowded housing will potentially impact the quality of life in that neighborhood.

A lot of the land you mentioned floods regularly as we are at the bottom of the valley. Hard to build on.

I know we have lots of data on housing needs. But it would be good to have a snapshot analysis (vs anecdotal info) of how recent and current projects are meeting those needs. To that end, create an at-a-glance summary of the housing projects in development like the Washington Street /Roosevelt School and others. For those, it would be good to know things like breakdown of units, income requirements for income sensitive units, stage of completion, expected opening date, etc. For recently launched projects, what is the occupancy rate, was there a different demand for different kinds of spaces than expected, etc? For any stalled-in-development projects, what are the obstacles?

I love the idea of addressing all elements of the housing crisis through intelligent, infill development. We have an opportunity to create a “right-sized” Keene in a way that also creates a cozier, more walkable, and more community-driven city for all of us. The use of Cottage Court-style developments will be key to this opportunity. Smaller, more affordable, and more sustainable housing stock that allows seniors to age in place, families to raise their children in a walkable community, and young people the opportunity to own their own homes. What’s not to love?

There is no single fix for our housing crisis, and the City has limited options for incentivizing development. But the City can help by pursuing land use policies that encourage density and by streamlining the permitting and approval process. Having a dedicated housing liaison to help developers large and small navigate the permitting and approval processes, for example, is a relatively small step that will be tremendously helpful.

I believe this pillar lies in two parts:
Of course, we need to build additional housing to address demand. We want these new locations to be livable, close to amenities and shops and food and community. We also need to toe that line between “built to last” and adaptable, since we will never be able to predict what each building will need decades down the road. And we also need to keep rents down and combat the wild cost to living.
We also need to take steps to make existing homes more livable. I love seeing the zoning adjustments. They’re long overdue and revisions offer us a much more versatile community fabric. I’m excited to see more mixed-use zoning and less strict euclidean zoning. More little shops, restaurants, and grocery stores in neighborhoods or residential areas (like Jane’s Place, Elm St Market, etc) make communities more walkable and livable.

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